The biography of Lomonosov achievement

Lomonosov: The unique achievements of the “universal” person Olga Oblomova are the author of articles and courses 4brain, writer, author of art prose. Perhaps it is difficult to find a more versatile and diverse science figure in the history of Russia than Mikhail Vasilievich Lomonosov. Contemporaries deservedly considered him a “universal man” Homo Universalis, and descendants still study his multi -volume heritage.

Even a simple list of his discoveries and concepts would take a lot of time, so we will dwell on literally a few of his ideas. But for starters, let's look at the biography of Mikhail Lomonosov - maybe the secret of such amazing personal efficiency and effectiveness is stored there. The biography of Lomonosov Mikhail Lomonosov was born in November in a small village of the Arkhangelogorod province.

Today it is the village of Lomonosovo, Arkhangelsk region. The clerk of the local church taught him to read and write. Lomonosov also engaged in grammar and arithmetic textbooks on his own. A week after receiving a passport in December, he secretly left the house and went to Moscow, as there was no transport message with the capital in those years. The official version says that he did it exclusively from the craving for knowledge, but some biographers are inclined to believe that the catalyst for the event was the decision of the father to marry Michael, who had reached the age of majority.

The walking transition to Moscow took three weeks, and upon arrival, Mikhail asked the student at the Slavic-Greek-Latin Academy. He studied the summer course over 5 years, after which he received an invitation to study at the Academy of Sciences in St. Petersburg. There, Lomonosov had to urgently study the German language, since at the Academy it was one of the main languages ​​of teaching.

For his successes in the year, Lomonosov was noted and sent to study in Germany. There, his mentors were a philosopher, mathematician and jurist of Christians Wolf, Mineurologist Johann Friedrich Genkel and other authoritative scientists of that time. In parallel, Lomonosov independently studied the basics of versification, foreign languages ​​French and Italian, painting, fencing, choreography.

Upon returning to St. Petersburg, Mikhail Lomonosov continued to study natural sciences led by Professor Johann Amman, worked on two dissertations in physics and chemistry, and at the summer became a professor of chemistry in the year. The achievements of Lomonosov in the field of chemistry T. First of all, Lomonosov was focused on practice and gave priority to those studies, the results of which could be useful in production.

By the way, adaptation to current tasks is one of the basic elements of modern TRIZ the theory of solving inventive problems. In his work, “elements of mathematical chemistry” Lomonosov anticipated the modern theory of the chemical structure of the substance. The postulate that the properties of the substance depend on the composition of the molecules and the method of connecting the atoms in them will be formulated only after years.

There was no concept of “molecule” in the era of Lomonosov, so he introduced the term “corpuscles” into the working circulation, which, in principle, is one and the same. Lomonosov was the first to conclude that, we quote: "Corskiles are homogeneous if they consist of the same number of identical elements connected in the same way." The atomic-corrugular theory is still considered one of Lomonosov’s greatest scientific achievements.

In addition, Lomonosov was the first to stated that chemistry as a science should be based on the laws of nature, t. After a long period of the activities of alchemists and mixing various substances, almost by eye, this was a real breakthrough. The chemical laboratory, created under the leadership of Mikhail Vasilievich, had a whole arsenal of weight devices, allowing measurements with an accuracy of 0, gram.

This was a great achievement for the mid -18th century. For the accuracy of the results of the experiments, Lomonosov used chemically pure substances and reagents, and always insisted that they should be in abundance. An important achievement of Mikhail Lomonosov is considered to be the discovery of him by the law of maintaining the weight of the mass of substance during chemical reactions.

True, there is also reason to believe that this law does not have a pioneer in the generally accepted sense of the word, and many scientists came to this conclusion independently from each other at about the same time, when science has reached a sufficient level for such an opening. But this fact does not detract from Lomonosov’s merits, since this discovery was very important for Russian science.

In particular, this helped to understand the processes of metal firing, which were of practical importance for the further development of metallurgy. In general, the sphere of applied interests of the scientist was very great. Themes and experiments that Lomonosov worked on: solubility of salts at different temperatures. Crystallization of salts from solutions. The effect of electric current on salts solutions.

Metal dissolution processes in acid. Microcrystalloscopy as a microchemical analysis method based on the formation of crystalline precipitation under the action of small quantities of reagents.As a result, Lomonosov established the fact of a decrease in the temperature of the solution when salts dissolve and a decrease in the freezing point of the salt solution compared to the clean.

These and other works of Lomonosov laid the foundation for physical chemistry as a science. It was Lomonosov who outlined the ways of studying chemical processes from physics, and it was he who introduced the term “physical chemistry” into scientific circulation. Lomonosov’s studies in the field of chemistry formed the basis of many practical developments that received implementation in industry.

So, Lomonosov developed the technology of cooking colored glass and the production of products from it. It was introduced at the Ust-Ruditsky glass factory, built under the guidance and drawings of Lomonosov in the 10th years of the 18th century. Thus, he proved himself not only as a scientist and inventor, but also as a successful manager and leader. He also was engaged in the development of the porcelain mass recipe, paying particular attention to the role of glass -shaped substance in the structure of porcelain.

Laboratory research of Lomonosov helped subsequently establish the production of paint based on domestic raw materials. Such vast studies required new tools and more advanced technical means. Lomonosov replenished the technical arsenal of devices with a number of devices invented by him. This is, for example, a gas barometer and a viscometer for determining dynamic or kinematic viscosity of a substance.

Many of these devices were used for a long time for practical purposes, and the principles of the functioning of these devices opened by Lomonosov formed the basis of newer progressive developments. Lomonosov’s achievements in the field of physics and astronomy Lomonosov have always considered it important to rely in chemical experiments on the laws of nature, therefore he led a lot of research in the field of physics and related areas: geo- and biophysics, metrology, astronomy, atmosphere physics, mineralogy, and northern radiance physics.

As a result of many studies, Lomonosov developed the theory of heat, proposing the molecular-kinetic interpretation of thermal phenomena. Simply put, explained this by the movement of particles that make up matter. On this basis, he suggested the possibility of the existence of absolute zero, when any movement of particles ceases. Based on his atomic-corpsual theory and theory of warmth, he was able to explain the properties of atmospheric air.

In particular, he explained why the atmospheric air should be increasingly sparse as it was removed from the ground. And also suggested that in nature there must be a limit in which the air will not be able to detect further. By the way, he came to the conclusion about the three -layer atmosphere, which was a breakthrough for the then level of development of science. Lomonosov was also engaged in the study of the nature of thunderstorms and atmospheric electricity, explained the cause of the electric discharge in the thunderclouds with convection of warm air rising from the surface of the earth, and cold air descending from the upper layers of the atmosphere.

Studies in the field of astronomy prompted Lomonosov to improve the mirror telescope, the design of which has not changed since Newton, for greater accuracy of observations. As a result, observing May 26 of the year a unique astronomical phenomenon of the passage of Venus through a solar disk, Lomonosov suggested the existence of an atmosphere at the surface of Venus. The achievements of Lomonosov in the field of geography, geology, mineralogy of knowledge gained in Germany, Lomonosov successfully applied in Russia.

So, thanks to him, mineralogy and geology began to develop as independent directions. From his personal contribution, it is worth noting the work “On the Layers of Earthly” and “The First Foundations of Metallurgy or Rudal Affairs”. Its conclusion is interesting to the fact that tectonic and volcanic processes have the same origin, and it is the movement of the Earth that is the cause of the formation of ore minerals in the soil.

For such conclusions, studies of sea depths were needed, for which Lomonosov developed an optical batos. At the same time, he believed that coal, peat and amber have an organic origin, and approximately calculated the time of formation of various minerals based on the fact that they are formed from the species of plants and animals that are no longer living in the land. In addition, Lomonosov developed a classification of natural ice on the basis of the difference in the temperature of ice icy formation with various mineralization.

And Lomonosov also suggested that the ice from the Arctic gradually move towards the Atlantic. Subsequent observations showed that the climate of the Arctic is really changing, and the ice hat gradually melts. In the year, Lomonosov headed the geographical department of the Imperial Academy of Sciences and took a personal part in the compilation of cards and atlas of Russia.

In particular, it was he who made the Arctic map and calculated the possibility of practical use of the Northern Sea Route.But let's generalize the main achievements of Lomonosov in the natural sciences: he developed an atomic-corpses theory and anticipated the modern theory of the chemical structure of the substance. Opened the law of conservation of weight mass during chemical reactions.

Laid the foundations of physical chemistry as a science. Introduced the calculation and measurement of research results in chemistry. Studied the solubility of salts, crystallization and properties of salt solutions. Developed the theory of heat. He studied the properties of the atmosphere and discovered the existence of the atmosphere at the surface of Venus. He contributed to an understanding of the electrical nature of thunderstorms.

Developed new devices for conducting experiments and measurements. I improved the telescope for astronomical observations. Developed a “nightmare”, that is, a night vision device. He designed the prototype of the helicopter type of lifting device. He constructed an optical bathoscope for the study of sea depths. The contribution of Lomonosov to the development of the humanities and the education system in Russia as such is the topic for the hotel article.

We only note that the most outstanding achievement is Lomonosov’s personal contribution to the creation of Moscow University. Lomonosov co-authored with philanthropist Ivan Shuvalov prepared, in modern language, the technical and economic justification of the need to open the university in Moscow. Moscow University was opened in the year. The most insightful readers will probably ask: where is the promised secret of such an amazing personal efficiency and productivity of Lomonosov?

First of all, this secret lies in the proactivity and curiosity, which expressed Lomonosov to take any affordable knowledge and take on any relevant research. And, of course, his orientation to practice contributed in many ways to success. At all times, it was easier to “break through” the financing of scientific research, which can bring real return on than to beg money to some dead theoretical lining.

Here he was, Lomonosov: a “universal” person who made a unique contribution to domestic science! In general, today everyone has the opportunity to develop their abilities to an amazing level, using a variety of tools for this.