Abstract biography pericl

In the first half of the 5th century The great speaker of this period was considered to be Perikla, who combined the most important qualities of an ideal statesman: patriotism, wisdom, honesty and eloquence. Perikl is the Athenian politician, the son of Xantippus, the leader of the Democratic Party, the famous speaker and commander. After the expulsion of Fukidid, G. Perikl raised the sea power of Athens, decorated the city, especially the acropolis, the famous buildings of Parfenon, Propielai, etc.

Athens under Pericle reached the highest degree of economic and cultural development of the periclhs of the eyelids. Perikl belonged to an aristocratic family; He received a versatile education. From the beginning of political activity, Perikl joined the middle layers of slave democracy, who was interested in the growth of the sea power of Athens, and the expansion of their trade relations, led by Ephalt.

They said that the goddess of beliefs was visiting his mouth. The harmonious logic of his speeches was the result of serious training. This was reported by Plutarch, arguing that the calls from the crowd of Perical often refused to speak, citing the fact that he did not have time to prepare. According to the stories of the same Plutarch, on the oratory rostrum, Perikl kept calmly and with dignity; During the speech, his expression almost did not change, he did not resort to gestures, expressed his restraint and never laughed on the tribune, did not mix the people with any funny stories or tricks.

When Perira was accused of wasting state funds to build buildings in Athens, Perikl asked the assembled people whether he really was spending a lot of money on construction. When the cries of “many, too much” were heard from all sides, Perikl curled up that in this case he takes all expenses to his own account, but only his name would be drawn on the buildings. Then the people said that he would take as much from the state treasury as necessary.

His speeches were beautiful in form and deep in content. Perira's speech was colorful and figurative. A good education allowed him to develop his natural oratory abilities. Demosthenes BC. Demosthenes was born in the ancient Greek city of Athena in the city The father of Demosthenes of which was also called Demosthenes belonged to the respectable bourgeoisie. He owned two workshops, in which fifty slaves were engaged in the production of weapons and furniture.

Demosthenes were only seven years old when his father died. Demosthenes grew weak, physically undeveloped, he rolled and stuttered. Once, while still a boy, Demosthenes begged his teacher to take him to a court hearing to listen to the famous speaker. Demosthenes was delighted with the speech and how the crowd applauded the glorified speaker, conquered by the power of his performance. This visit to Demosthenes became an impulse for independent classes in oratory.

There were many people in Athens who taught eloquence: how to win in disputes, how to make a weak argument stronger. For four years, the young man diligently studied with Isai, one of the most outstanding teachers of eloquence in Athens. The simplicity of the syllable, the compression and significance of the content, the strict logic of evidence, rhetorical issues - all this was borrowed by Demosthenes in Isai.

During this time, he got acquainted well with the works of outstanding writers, especially the historian of Fukidid and the philosopher Plato. But, before speaking to the people, Demosthenes had to, following the example of his teacher and, according to the customs of that time, write judicial speeches for others. He successfully coped with this, but dreamed of speaking to the people himself.

The crowd boasted of him: the noise, laughter and cries of the crowd did not allow him to finish his speech. The failure of Demosthenes was prosaically understandable: he spoke very quietly, the speech was slurred, he stuttered and banqual. The non -verbal messages to the public were also not among the successful ones: from time to time he twitched his shoulder and did not know how to stay in front of the public.

The second performance before the national assembly was also a failure. With a drooping head and completely upset, Demosthenes returned home. The legend claims that the new Posfena was provided by the new powerful impulse to continue working on himself by his friend, a well -known Athenian actor. Demosthenes complained to his friend and annoyed that the people did not value and did not understand the deep content of his performances.

In response to the complaints of Demosthenes, the actor asked him to read some excerpt from Sophocles. Demosthenes read. When he graduated, the actor repeated the same thing, but with such expressiveness that Demosthenes thought he would hear completely different lines. Demosthenes realized that expressiveness gives speech an extraordinary beauty and a desire to listen to the speaker with a vengeance.

Demosthenes decided, by all means to correct the shortcomings of his speech. He retired and, so that there was no temptation to violate loneliness, he wrapped himself half a head. He decided to train every day for several hours until the new hair grows.He did the exercises to correct the ambiguity of the pronunciation: he collected Kamehov in his mouth and achieved, so that, despite the pebbles, his speech was clean and clear.

For the development of the strength of the voice and breath, Demosthenes loudly pronounced poems when he climbed the mountain. He took special walks to the shore of the sea and tried to speak so loudly as to drown out the noise of the surf with his voice. To cope with the burrs, Demosthenes bought a puppy for himself: he listened, 9 how the puppy growls, and tried to repeat the “roaring” sounds behind him.

And Demosthenes decided to get rid of his shoulder with his shoulder in a completely exotic way with the help of a sharp sword. He hung the sword to the ceiling, became so that the tip slightly touches the naughty shoulder, and rehearsed. The tip of the sword painfully pricked him every time the obstinate shoulder was distorted. This forced Demosthenes to control his body all the time.

He consulted with his friend-actor to learn gestures and skill easily owning space in order to freely stay in front of the public. By the time of the achievement of Demosthenes of adulthood from a rather large inheritance, only crumbs remained. The guardians gave him only a house with slaves, and most of the money and property were assigned to themselves. The young man tried to persuade the guardians to voluntarily return the inheritance, but to no avail.

Then he decided by the court to seek the refund of the stolen money. In order to successfully conduct the case in court, it was necessary to know the Athenian laws well, and most importantly, to be able to speak well and convincingly. It just so happened that the first independent step in the life of Demosthenes began with a trial in which he acted with speeches against the guardians-extensors.

The court dragged on for as many as five years. The guardians tried to avoid responsibility, destroying the will of Father Demosthenes and other important documents, but still were convicted. Although the young man failed to completely return his inheritance, the long -term struggle with the guardians tempered the character of the future speaker, developed perseverance and perseverance in him.

He encouraged fellow citizens to sacrifice everyone to create a strong fleet and troops when he foresaw the death of Athenian freedom. He kept the Argivans and the messengers from the union with Philip, he raised all Greece against Philip thanks to passionate eloquence and deep conviction. The techniques of the Oratory of Demosthenes Direct appeal, the Athenian stands skillfully enjoyed direct appeal to citizens, usually starting his speeches with the words: “Citizens of the Athenians!

The frequent appeal of the ancient author to the “Athens citizens”, the instant reaction of temperamental, if not exalted, the masses of people were tested techniques of psychological eloquence and kept the listeners in tension, in a state of co -creation, and sometimes unanimity, activated the thinking of the gathered. Rhetorical issues and a form of dialogue to strengthen public attention to the speeches and involving listeners in a creative, reflecting and experiencing atmosphere, Demosthenes willingly used the reception of a rhetorical issue.

For example: “Why am I saying? The speaker at times complemented the dialogue technique, sometimes referring to the game of popular actors. And in pathetic places of speech, the speaker recited the verses of famous poets of the ancient world. The favorite oratory technique of Demosthenes was an exclamation, for example, an exclamation: “Good! But he exclaimed in the denial: “No, never!

Demosthenes also used other forms of the same negative exclamation: “Yes, no! For example: “Who would have thought that this would happen? You do not need to have a great imagination to imagine how such varying exclamations, and even pronounced in various intonations - in accordance with a specific situation or the mood of the audience - should have emotionally activate oratory in some cases, in others - to intrigue the listener or help him more clearly to realize the characterized phenomenon.

Oaths and calls to the gods. A great impression on the listeners made the oaths of Demosthenes or his calls for God the gods. So, for example, as if interrupting the smooth course of his own speech, the speaker said: “No, I swear by Zeus!