Bridgen Biography

Percy Williams Bridgeten photo from the NobelPrize website. In the philosophy of the Bridgen, the founder and head of the subjective-idealistic course, named. The philosophical views of Bridgen are outlined in the books “The Logic of Modern Physics”, “Nature of Physical Theory” Philosophical Dictionary. Ed. Bridgman Bridgman Persie William Nobel Physics Prize in the interpretation of Bridgen's knowledge is close to instrumentalism in interpreting the problem of concepts and solipsism in the interpretation of experience.

Absoluting the empirical aspect of science, Bridgen underestimated the actual role of abstract thinking and abstractions. He considered the theoretical concepts disliked in experience. The idea of ​​the meaning of the concept with the set of actions of operations leading to their application, Bridgen transferred to the methodology of science and the theory of cognition as a general principle: to define scientific concepts, according to Bridgen, is not necessary in terms of other abstractions, but in terms of experience of experience, the operational definition of concepts.

This thesis served as the basis as a whole by the idealistic programs of the operational construction of the language of science. Philosophical Encyclopedic Dictionary. Ilyichev, P. Fedoseev, S. Kovalev, V. Works: Logic of Modern Physics, N. Bridgman Bridgman Percy William on April 21 Cambridge, USA-August 20, Radolf, New Hampshire-American physicist and philosopher, theorist of operationalism; The Nobel Prize Laureate graduated from Harvard University, with a teacher in it, with - professor.

B –35 - a professor of mathematics and the philosophy of nature at the University of Hittins, and years - again at Harvard University. A member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, the American Philosophical Society, as well as other Britzhman, was an experimenter in the field of physics and high -pressure technology. His book “Analysis of Dimensions” Dimensional Analysis gained wide fame.

New Haven,; Rus. He was engaged in understanding the logical structure, language and nature of physical science, as well as philosophical issues. Like neopositivists, the Bridzhman focused on the analysis of the conceptual structure of physics and the search for empirical grounds for theoretical constructs. In the spirit of instrumentalism, Bridgen identified the meaning of the concept with a set of operations, while defined the operationalist method as a set of phased actions - practical and mental experiments - by determining the meanings.

He assumed that the language of science should contain statements, all the concepts of which have referents. J. Dewey relied on his version of instrumentalism on the operation of Bridgen's operation. His theory was highly appreciated by the representatives of the Viennese mug of the city of Feigl, and also influenced research in the field of sociology and psychology, first of all, the behaviorism of B.

Works: The Logic of Modem Physics. Literature: Pechenkin A. Operational interpretation of the logic of science in Persia Bridgen. Yulina is a new philosophical encyclopedia. In four volumes. Stepin, A. Huseynov, Bridget Bridgman, Percy Williams Cambridge, pcs. Massachusetts-Randolf, New Hampshire-an American physicist and philosopher, professor of mathematics and philosophy at Harvard University, Nobel Prize of the Year in Physics: for improving the methods of obtaining high pressures, studying the properties of various elements and their tens and hundreds of thousands of atmospheres, opening new modifications that exist only With very high pressure.

Percy Williams Bridgen was born in Cambridge, Massachusetts. Soon after his birth, the family moved to Newton, where Bridgen Ros, visiting the parish church, playing chess and playing sports. A secondary school teacher in Newton advised him to choose a science of his path. In the year, Bridgen entered Harvard University, laid down its long -term cooperation with this educational institution - GG.

He chose chemistry, mathematics and physics for study, receiving a bachelor's diploma in the city of Bridgen with honors from a sealed method of insulation of vessels with gas under high pressure. The principle of the Bridgeman design was that an insulating gasket made of rubber or soft metal was compressed under pressure large than the pressure inside the vessel.

The sealing cork is automatically compacted as pressure increases and never gives leaks regardless of pressure, while the walls of the vessel are withstanded. In the same year, he was assigned a master's degree for this work. The creation of high -strength tempered alloy steel alloys containing tungsten carbide with a cobalt additive with carbola allowed Bridgen to use their constantly improved devices for measuring compressibility, density and melting points of hundreds of materials depending on pressure and temperature.

In his works, he found that many materials under the influence of high pressure become polymorphic, their crystalline structure changes, allowing a denser packaging of atoms in the crystal.In the year, he became a doctor of sciences, defending the dissertation about the effect of pressure on the electrical resistance of mercury, thus becoming a university researcher. In subsequent years, researchers, using high pressure, created synthetic diamonds, cubic nitride crystals and high -quality quartz crystals.

Bridzhman found that high pressure can even affect the electronic structure of atoms, as can be seen in the example of a decrease in the atomic volume of the cesium element at 45 thousand. Its studies have proven that with high pressure existing in the bowels of the Earth, radical changes in the physical properties and crystalline structure of rocks should occur.

In the year, the Brigalman becomes a teacher, in the year-an assistant professor, during the First World War, Bridzman, working in New London, Connecticut, creates a sound detection system for anti-submarine struggle. In the year becomes a professor. The result of his scientific work is huge - articles and 13 books, which is not least due to his abandonment of all public duties: he was never seen at faculty meetings and very rarely - in the University Committee.

Statement: “I am not interested in your college, I want to engage in research”, which he made the university rector, characterizes it as an individualist, which was also expressed in his reluctance to conduct joint research or take a more necessary number of graduate students. In the year, in the field of measurement methodology, he formulated and gave a systematic presentation of the analysis of dimensions [1] the method of determining the connection between the physical quantities by their dimension.

This theory was the result of the formed philosophical views of Bridget. The philosophical position with which the problem indicated above was solved under the influence of the instrumentalism of J. Dewey [2], critical studies in the field of mathematics, begun by mathematical intuitionism, and in particular the methodological foundations of the relativity of A. theory of A.

According to the Bridzman, the most significant methodological result of this theory was an indication of the relationship between the meaning of the concept with the set of operations leading to the use or to form a concept in each individual case. This connection expresses what Bridzman called the operational definition of the concept, putting forward the thesis, according to which the definition of any scientific concept should only be operational.

This thesis served as the basis of its, as a whole idealistic, program of the operational construction of the language of science. Operationalism [3] is drawn up as an ideological course, claiming the role of the philosophical and methodological basis of the theoretical science and societies, sciences. Starting with philosophical criticism of the traditional view of the dimension formula as an expression of the “substantial properties” of physical quantities and based on the dependence of dimensions on the measurement operations established by him, the Bridgen moved the idea of ​​operational definition of concepts to the methodology of science and to the theory of cognition as a general principle: “infallible” definition of concepts is achieved not in terms of properties, but in terms experience.

For example, the concept of length, defined through an abstraction as a common property of equal segments, is inoperative, “bad”; It turns into reality a property that is not verified [4] in experience; On the contrary, the metric concept of length is operational, “good”; Experience gives us only a numerical assessment of the segment, which can be calculated by the solution of the equation or determined by measurement.

Continuing to work in the area of ​​superly high pressure, he designed equipment with a double compression system, where a powerful compressor acts inside a vessel with high pressure. This allowed Bridzmen easily received a pressure of about thousand in small volumes.

From time to time, he studied the effect on the substance of pressures reaching millennia. During the Second World War, Openheimer [5], attracted his teacher to work in the Manhattarsky project, where the Bridgeman worked on the problem of compressibility of uranium and plutonium, thereby making his contribution to the creation of the first nuclear bomb. In the year, Bridgen was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics "For the invention of the device, which allows you to create ultra -high pressures, and for the discoveries made in connection with this in high pressures." Britzhman is elected university professor and in the year - a honorary professor of retired.

They had a son and daughter. Living with his family either in Cambridge, then in his summer house in the new-hammepshire randwood, Peter, as he was called from his student years, devoted a lot of time to the garden, mountaineering, photographs, chess playing a hand ball, and also loved to read detectives and play piano. At the age of 79, 7 years after his resignation, Bridzman found out that he was sick with cancer and that he had several months to live.

Quickly losing the ability to walk and not finding a doctor who would easier for him to leave life, B.He left a note where it was said: “It is not very decent on the part of society to force a person to do such things. This is probably the last day when I could do it myself. Bridgen was a member of the National Academy of Sciences, an American philosophical society.

American Academy of Sciences and Arts. American Association for the Promotion of the Development of Science and the American Physical Society. He was a foreign member of the London Royal Society. National Academy of Sciences of Mexico and the Indian Academy of Sciences. Among his numerous awards were the Rumford medal of the American Academy of Sciences and Arts in G. He possessed honorary degrees of the Brooklyn Polytechnic Institute, Harvard University, Princeton University, the University of Yale and the Stevensov Institute of Technology.

Vermont is operationalism in the BSE. Verification in the BSE. Oppenheimer Robert, in the BSE. I prepare BS on this issue - VVG. Sources: 1.