Dobrolyubov is a short biography

Nikolai Dobrolyubov - biography, news, personal life age: From the birthday of death: 25 years Nikolai Alexandrovich Dobrolyubov. Born on January 24 on February 5 in Nizhny Novgorod - died on November 17 on November 29 in St. Petersburg. The Russian literary critic of the border of the X and X and X, a publicist, a revolutionary democrat. The most famous pseudonyms -s and N.

Lybov, not signed by the real name. He was born in Nizhny Novgorod in a family of a famous priest in the city of a priest, his father secretly married Melnikov-Pechersky. From childhood I read a lot, wrote poetry. Having received good homework, he was immediately accepted for the last course of the fourth grade of the Spiritual School. Then he studied at the Nizhny Novgorod Theological Seminary.

Among the characteristics given to him by then mentors: “It is distinguished by quietness, modesty and obedience”, “is zealous of worship and behaved about well”, “is distinguished by indefatigability in the classes.” From the age of 17 in St. Petersburg, he studied at the Main Pedagogical Institute, was engaged in folklore, and with his parents, he began to separate radical antimonarchic, anti -religious and anti -consumer views, which was reflected in his many “seditious” works of that time in verse and prose, including handwritten student journals.

Dobrolyubov’s short life was accompanied by great literary activity. He wrote a lot and easily according to the memoirs of his contemporaries, according to a pre-prepared logical abstract in the form of a long tape wound on the finger of his left hand, was published in N. Nekrasov's journal “Contemporary” with a number of historical and especially literary and critical works; The closest employee and like -minded person was N.

In one year, he printed 75 articles and reviews. Some works of Dobrolyubov are both fundamentally illegal, especially directed against Nicholas I, and intended for printing, but not missed by censorship in general or in the author’s version remained not printed during his lifetime. The works of Dobrolyubov, printed under the guise of purely literary “critic”, reviews of natural science works or political reviews from the foreign life of the Aesopes, contained acute socio-political statements.

For example, a review of Turgenev’s novel “On the eve” under the name “when will the real day come? His articles “What is Oblomovism? Introducing the works primarily on the social side and more than once declaring the denial of “art for art” and exposing pure lyrics to destructive criticism, Dobrolyubov often highly appreciated from an aesthetic point of view the verses of the authors who were not close to him politically Julia Zhadovskaya, Yakov Polonsky.

The suicide trip to Europe somewhat softened the political radicalism of Dobrolyubov, led to the abandonment of the idea of ​​an immediate revolution and the need to search for new ways. In a number of articles, the philosophical views of Dobrolyubov also showed up. In the center of his system is a person who is the last step in the evolution of the material world and harmoniously connected with nature.

He considered the equality of people the “natural state” of human nature by the influence of Rousseism, and oppression - the result of an abnormal structure that should be destroyed. The lack of a priori truths and material origin of all ideas that are born in the mind of man, from external experience materialism, empiricism, advocated comprehending the material principles of the world and the spread of scientific knowledge.

Like Chernyshevsky, he advocated a reasonable egoism. Dobrolyubov’s pedagogical views are similar in many respects with the views of N. was against the upbringing of humility, blind obedience, suppression of personality, and suction. He criticized the current system of education, which kills in children an “inner person”, from which he grows unprepared to life.

Dobrolyubov considered it impossible the true reform of the educational system without the radical restructuring of all public life in Russia, believing that a new teacher will also appear in a new society, carefully protecting the dignity of human nature in the pupil, which has high moral beliefs, comprehensively developed. He also criticized the theory of “free education” by L.

The upbringing of a patriot and a highly ethical person, a citizen with persistent beliefs, a comprehensively developed person. To develop fundamentality, to correctly and can more fully develop the “personal independence of the child and all the spiritual forces of his nature”; - To educate the unity of thoughts, words, actions. He opposed early specialization and for general education as a prerequisite for special education.

The principle of visibility of learning, the formulation of conclusions after analysis of judgments is important. Education through labor, since labor is the basis of morality. Religion must be expelled from school. A woman should get an equal education with men. Textbooks, said Dobrolyubov, are so imperfect that they deprive any opportunity to seriously study.In some textbooks, material is given in a deliberately false, perverted form; In others, if there is no malformation of the lie, then there are many private, small facts, names and names that do not have any significant significance in the study of this subject and obscure the main and basic.

Textbooks should create the correct ideas about the phenomena of nature and society, said Dobrolyubov. It is impossible to allow simplification and even more so vulgarization in the presentation of facts, describing objects and phenomena, that it should be precise and truthful, and the material of the textbook is described by a simple, clear, understandable language language.

Definitions, rules, laws in the textbook should be given on the basis of scientifically reliable material. Not better, at his conclusion, the situation was with children's books for reading. Fantasy, devoid of real basis, cloying moralization, poverty of the language - these are the characteristic features of books intended for children's reading. Dobrolyubov believed that only those that simultaneously cover the whole being of a person can be truly useful children's books.

The children's book, in his opinion, should entrust the child’s imagination in the proper direction. At the same time, the book should give food to thinking, wake the child’s curiosity, introduce him to the real world and, finally, strengthen the moral feeling in it, without distorting it of the rules of artificial morality. Discipline: opposed the use of means that humiliate human dignity.

The discipline was considered a means of maintaining the teacher’s caring attitude to the student, an example of a teacher. Decisive condemnation of physical punishments. He opposed the inconsistency of N. Pirogov in the application of physical punishments. Views on the activities of the teacher. He opposed the humiliating substantive position of the teacher. They stood that the teacher was a supporter of the advanced ideas of his time.

Of great importance attached the beliefs and moral appearance of the teacher. The teacher should be a model for children, have clear "concepts about the art of learning and education." Teachers should distinguish clarity, firmness, infallibility of beliefs, extremely high comprehensive development. The pedagogical works of Dobrolyubov: “On the meaning of authority in education” “Basic laws of education” “Essay on the direction of the Jesuit Order, especially in the application to the education and teaching of youth” “All -Russian illusions destroyed by rods” “The teacher should serve as a tuberculosis at 25 years old, a year before his death was treated abroad and traveled a lot in Europe.

Shortly before his death, he asked to hire a new apartment, so as not to leave an unpleasant display in the houses of his friends after his death. Until the very last minute he was conscious. N. was sitting hopelessly in the next room According to the memoirs of A. Panaeva, a few days before the death of N. Dobrolyubov said: “To die with the consciousness that he did not have time to do anything ...

nothing! How evil fate mocked me! Let my death be sent to me before! .. At least for another two years my life would last, I would have managed to do at least something useful Dobrolyubov in the Volkovsky cemetery.